Tonight on TV: Mythbusters and Archimedes' Death Ray

OBAMA, MYTHBUSTERS TO TEST 'ARCHIMEDES DEATH RAY' IN PUSH TO PROMOTE SCIENCE

PUBLISHED OCTOBER 18, 2010

| FOXNEWS.COM

PRESIDENT OBAMA IS EITHER TRYING TO REACH A NEW AUDIENCE OR HE'S LOOKING TO BUILD THE PENTAGON'S NEXT PROJECT ON THE CHEAP.

THE PRESIDENT IS SET TO MAKE A GUEST APPEARANCE NEXT MONTH ON THE DISCOVERY CHANNEL'S "MYTHBUSTERS," THE SHOW WHERE A TEAM OF EXPLOSION-PRONE PYROPHILES TEST URBAN LEGENDS. THE OBAMA EPISODE WILL FOCUS ON THE SO-CALLED "ARCHIMEDES DEATH RAY."

THE DEATH RAY IS THE WEAPON LEGEND HAS IT WAS USED BY GREEK MATHEMATICIAN ARCHIMEDES TO DESTROY ENEMY SHIPS. IT WOULD HAVE USED A SYSTEM OF MIRRORS TO REFLECT AND FOCUS THE SUN'S RAYS ONTO WHATEVER IS TARGETED FOR INCINERATION.

HOWEVER, THE BUSTERS HAVE BUSTED THE HEAT RAY MYTH TWICE ALREADY IN PRIOR EPISODES. THE LATEST ATTEMPT WAS AIRED IN JANUARY 2006, WHEN THE HOSTS TEAMED UP WITH MIT STUDENTS -- THEY SUCCEEDED IN CHARRING THE TEST BOAT AND CREATING A SMALL FIRE, BUT THE MYTH WAS NEVERTHELESS DEBUNKED.

MAYBE OBAMA HOLDS THE KEY. DISCOVERY SPOKESWOMAN KATHERINE NELSON SAID THE EXPERIMENT WAS INCLUDED ON A LIST OF OPTIONS FOR THE PRESIDENT "BECAUSE FANS ARE CONSTANTLY ASKING THE MYTHBUSTERS TO RE-TEST THE ARCHIMEDES SOLAR RAY." SHE SAID THE WHITE HOUSE PICKED THE RAY TEST "BECAUSE IT PROVIDED THE GREATEST OPPORTUNITY TO GET STUDENTS INVOLVED IN (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATH) IN THE MOST REAL WAY POSSIBLE."

OR BLOW UP SHIPS. WHATEVER. THE DISCOVERY APPEARANCE WAS ANNOUNCED MONDAY AS THE PRESIDENT HOSTS THE WHITE HOUSE SCIENCE FAIR. THE WHITE HOUSE SAID THE EPISODE WILL AIR DEC. 8, AS PART OF HIS EFFORT TO "INSPIRE YOUNG PEOPLE TO EXCEL IN MATH AND SCIENCE."

OBAMA WILL ANNOUNCE THE "MYTHBUSTERS" EPISODE AT THE SCIENCE FAIR MONDAY. LEAD BUSTERS ADAM SAVAGE AND JAMIE HYNEMAN PLAN TO TAKE QUESTIONS IN THE WEST WING AFTER THE PRESIDENT SPEAKS.

DISCOVERY SAID IN A STATEMENT THAT THE PRESIDENT WILL "CHALLENGE" SAVAGE AND HYNEMAN TO REVISIT THE "CONTROVERSIAL" MYTH. AND THERE'S A LOT ON THE LINE, APPARENTLY.

"DID GREEK SCIENTIST AND POLYMATH ARCHIMEDES SET FIRE TO AN INVADING ROMAN FLEET USING ONLY MIRRORS AND THE REFLECTED RAYS OF THE SUN? WILL ADAM AND JAMIE BE ABLE TO PULL THIS OFF, OR WILL THEY HAVE TO REPORT BACK TO THE PRESIDENT THAT THEY FAILED?" THE STATEMENT READS

Archimedes' Death Ray - Continued

This is from BBC's "Bang Goes the Theory." I've always had an interest in the Death Ray that Archimedes built, and even attempted to build my own. This guy's setup looks like some sort of parabola that faces away from the sun. I don't know how it works, but I do know that it is AWESOME! Catch the part where he melts ROCKS! The guy says that there's nothing on Earth that can withstand the temperatures created by this thing. Ummm... Speechless.

Ultrasonic Trebuchet

This trebuchet ultrasonically determines the distance of the target. This trebuchet was designed, built, and tested by Kettering University Students for Professor Kaiser's Senior Design Course.

Human feces a weapon of mass destruction?

Human feces a weapon of mass destruction?

by mharrsch

While researching documented cases of psychosis following particularly brutal engagements of ancient warfare, I came across a new (2008) introduction to Adrienne Mayor's book, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World, originally published in 2003. In it she mentions that during the Gothic War (CE 535-555) Romans, under siege by the Goths, were forced to eat human feces, toxic nettles, and acidic acorn flour resulting in mass fatal poisonings.
Image via Wikipedia

I had never read about this particular siege or its outcome before so was appalled at the level of desperation the Romans must have reached to engage in these last ditch efforts to stave off hunger. But as I thought about these poor unfortunate wretches, I got to wondering about whether the items mentioned would really produce a mass poisoning. Since all three items were mentioned, I assume there was not a definitive consensus about which of the three caused the fatalities. So I began to research this issue further.

I learned that coprophagia, from the Greek copro which means feces and phagy which means eat, is common among some animals, particularly dogs. That's why I've had to scold my little dachshunds for attempting to scarf down cat feces when they dig them up in the yard. Veterinarians are not really sure why dogs engage in this disgusting behavior although it does appear to increase in frequency in cases of severe disorders of the pancreas (pancreatic insufficiency) or intestine, severemalnutrition from massive parasitic infestations, or starvation. (I assure you my little dogs are rather pudgy from my husband feeding them too many snacks so they don't have that excuse!)



I also learned that in ancient times physicians would taste the excrement of their patients to try to determine their state of health. (I knew there was a reason I decided against becoming a medical doctor) I also read about the Bedouin using the consumption of warm camel feces as a treatment for bacterial dysentery.
So, as revolting as it sounds, apparently some people have eaten feces without initial harm although long term diseases can be contracted such as E. coli, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, pneumonia, polio, influenza
and internal parasites. But it doesn't sound like coprophagia could be the cause of an observed wide-spread poisoning.

So I started exploring the effects of eating nettles. But I learned that nettles, even stinging nettles, actually have an edible bulb and, although the ancients may have only recorded that the inhabitants of the beseiged town were gathering nettles, they may not have realized they were only eating the tuber and not the "nettlesome" foliage. So that leaves acorns as the only remaining suspect.

Acorns have been used as a protein-rich food source by both wildlife and humans for centuries although acorns from some species like red oak are high in tannic acid that must be leeched out by soaking them first. But processed acorns are susceptible to mold when stored. Perhaps it was mold, then, that actually precipitated the poisonings, not the consumption of acorns itself. Of course, poison concoctions could have been manually applied to potential foodstuffs and left where they could have been easily "stolen" by desperate townsfolk but the ancient sources were not admitting to anything like that. Hmmm....

In this updated introduction to her book (it was written to coincide with a 2008 paperback re-release of her original work ) Mayor also mentioned that archaeologists found the remains of an ancient concoction termed "Mithridatium" in the bottom of a vat in a Roman villa near Pompeii in 2007.

"Tests of the residue, published in 2007, revealed a mixture of powerful medicinal plants, including opium poppy seeds, along with the flesh and bones of reptiles. Was this an ancient witch’s poisonous brew? Quite the contrary; according to the archaeologists, the vat may have been used to prepare a secret “universal antidote” believed to counteract all known poisons.

Image via Wikipedia

Mithradates VI "The Poison King" of Pontus

This concoction, a combination of small doses of poisons and their antidotes, called Mithridatium, had been invented by King Mithridates VI of Pontus, a brilliant military strategist and master of toxicology, about one hundred years earlier. His recipe was perfected by theEmperor Nero’s personal physician and became the world’s most sought-after antidote, long prescribed for European royalty." - Adrienne Mayor

I somehow missed hearing about this fascinating discovery back in 2007. For 38 pages of similarly intriguing examples, I encourage you to read her "New Introduction" available online from Stanford.

Related articles

• Bones of the Gigantomachy(bldgblog.blogspot.com)

Smashing Pumpkins, the Halloween Rage

Salve!

This article is from the NYT. Did you know that October is Catapult Month?!? I have ordered every book ever written by William Gurstelle, who is mentioned in this article, to help us with our endeavors.

~Spartacurtus~

Smashing Pumpkins, the Halloween Rage

Wendy Carlson for The New York Times

A pumpkin smashes into its target after being launched from a home-built catapult at Daisi Hill Farms in Millerton, N.Y.

By AMY VIRSHUP

Published: October 21, 2010

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SOME people like their pumpkins baked into pies redolent of cinnamon and nutmeg. Others like them carved into goblin faces and illuminated with candles. Me? I like them hurled at 50 miles an hour by a medieval weapon. Or perhaps shot out of an air cannon, to splatter with a satisfying “Thwock!” into brilliant orange shrapnel.

Enlarge This Image

Wendy Carlson for The New York Times

Adam Klein shoots a pumpkin out of a makeshift canon.

I like my pumpkins chunked.

Exactly who first fired one using homemade artillery is unknown, but the reasons are pretty clear: Farmers selling pumpkins from their fields realized that the experience was somewhat lacking in drama. And while hay rides, corn mazes and petting zoos are nice, if you really want to draw a crowd, you need a little destruction.

Or, as Donald Totman of Daisi Hill Farm in Millerton, N.Y., said, “We’re doing the entertainment to sell the pumpkins.” Now on a busy weekend he’ll smash 1,000 pounds of pumpkin in the interest of moving product off the vines.

Mr. Totman started about 13 years ago with a homemade trebuchet (a version of a catapult that uses a counterweight to add force). He’s currently on his second one, made from materials lying around the farm. About six years ago he added an air cannon to his arsenal that shoots its orange ammo 1,500 feet toward an old metal tank. The pumpkins “turn into water” on impact, he said proudly. That is especially popular with the fathers in the crowd.

Why?

“It’s a man thing,” he said. “It’s a gun, it makes a big noise.”

There is a more scientific side to the pumpkin catapult phenomenon, beyond the “very satisfying splat, with pieces flying everywhere,” said Alice Stevenson, senior manager of family programs at the New York Hall of Science in Queens. Last year the Hall’s exhibits department built a 19-foot-tall metal trebuchet to demonstrate the principles of physics during Catapult Month (a k a October). Most of the time, gallon jugs of water are used for ammunition.

But who can resist using the trebuchet for pumpkins? On the 30th and 31st, the Hall will use its weapon to wreak pumpkin destruction. Bring a jack-o’-lantern — no bigger than a basketball — and you can turn it into pumpkin purée.

Catapults have become popular projects for science museums and physics classes, said William Gurstelle, a backyard artillery expert and the author, most recently, of “Absinthe & Flamethrowers.” Catapults are both accessible — “you look at a catapult and say, ‘I understand this,’ ” — and sophisticated. “There are some complicated equations to describe the motion,” he said.

For sheer pumpkin power, perhaps no event matches the World Championship Punkin Chunkin in Bridgeville, Del., which has grown from a competition with three machines and about 80 spectators in 1986 (the winning shot that year traveled 114 feet) to a three-day extravaganza of orange mayhem. Last year’s contest, with 115 teams, drew 80,000 people, said Frank Shade, director of media and promotion for the event, which raises money for charity. The winning pumpkin (well, maybe not from the pumpkin’s perspective) traveled more than 4,480 feet.

If you can’t get there in person, this year’s competition will be televised on Discovery’s Science Channel on Thanksgiving Day. But by then, as far as I’m concerned, it’s just pie.

Catapult design

Salve! Spartacurtus ibi! 

Our Praetor, Dan spoke to us about his plans for the catapult he has been planning, and has drawn up these plans for it. We have decided to move forward with the tortion style of catapult, as this seems to be the most practical and authentic design. This is still in the conceptual phase, and if you have any comments, questions, or concerns about the design, or have anything that you would like to add, please feel free to add to the comments section down below. I will be happy to repost any important additions to a new posting, if requested! 

Tibi gratias ago, Dan! 

Consul Spartacurtus 

POM Wonderful "Warrior" TV Commercial

Here's a pomegranate commercial extolling the virtues of eating pomegranates before battle...

Obama, MythBusters to Test 'Archimedes Death Ray' in Push to Promote Science

Obama, MythBusters to Test 'Archimedes Death Ray' in Push to Promote Science

Published October 18, 2010

| FoxNews.com

President Obama is either trying to reach a new audience or he's looking to build the Pentagon's next project on the cheap.

The president is set to make a guest appearance next month on the Discovery Channel's "MythBusters," the show where a team of explosion-prone pyrophiles test urban legends. The Obama episode will focus on the so-called "Archimedes death ray."

The death ray is the weapon legend has it was used by Greek mathematician Archimedes to destroy enemy ships. It would have used a system of mirrors to reflect and focus the sun's rays onto whatever is targeted for incineration.

However, the busters have busted the heat ray myth twice already in prior episodes. The latest attempt was aired in January 2006, when the hosts teamed up with MIT students -- they succeeded in charring the test boat and creating a small fire, but the myth was nevertheless debunked.

Maybe Obama holds the key. Discovery spokeswoman Katherine Nelson said the experiment was included on a list of options for the president "because fans are constantly asking the MythBusters to re-test the Archimedes Solar Ray." She said the White House picked the ray test "because it provided the greatest opportunity to get students involved in (science, technology, engineering and math) in the most real way possible."

Or blow up ships. Whatever. The Discovery appearance was announced Monday as the president hosts the White House Science Fair. The White House said the episode will air Dec. 8, as part of his effort to "inspire young people to excel in math and science."

Obama will announce the "MythBusters" episode at the science fair Monday. Lead busters Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman plan to take questions in the West Wing after the president speaks.

Discovery said in a statement that the president will "challenge" Savage and Hyneman to revisit the "controversial" myth. And there's a lot on the line, apparently.

"Did Greek scientist and polymath Archimedes set fire to an invading Roman fleet using only mirrors and the reflected rays of the sun? Will Adam and Jamie be able to pull this off, or will they have to report back to the president that they failed?" the statement reads.

UPDATE: Time Change: Lecture on Classical Kevlar

6PM Fri 22 Oct, Chapman Auditorium

Greg Aldrete, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

CLASSICAL KEVLAR: RECONSTRUCTING AND TESTING ANCIENT GREEK LINEN ARMOR (THE UWGB LINOTHORAX PROJECT)

For nearly 1,000 years, one of the most common forms of protection used by ancient Mediterranean warriors, including the armies of the Greeks and Alexander the Great, was the linothorax, a type of body armor apparently made out of linen.  Due to the perishable nature of its material, however, no examples have survived, and today it is poorly understood, and is known only through fragmentary descriptions in literature and images on pottery and in sculpture.  Employing only the materials and techniques that would have been available to the ancient Greeks, the UWGB Linothorax Project is investigating this mysterious armor by reconstructing and wearing examples of the linothorax, as well as subjecting test samples to attack with ancient weapons in order to determine the characteristics and protective qualities of this type of armor.   This presentation will not only describe the project’s findings, but will also display a reconstructed linothorax and test samples for the audience’s examination.

http://www.uwgb.edu/aldreteg/Linothorax.html

Safety first

This is a great example of why we must keep safety at top priority of any ballistic endeavors...




The story behind this is, the lady was being filmed for the television show, The Amazing Race. She was shooting watermelons from giant slingshots in an attempt to hit a distant target. Somehow, the slingshot misfired, with hilarious, yet dangerous results.

Roman Artillery

Salve! Mihi nohmen est Spartacurtus. 

There has been much talk recently in our club meetings about building Classical weaponry, specifically a catapult, or ballista. I thought I'd get the ball rolling here with a discussion of the technology that went into these weapons, so that we may learn enough to be able to build something. Readers, I am hoping that this will be an interactive process, and that we will be able to collaborate on this project to build something awesome.  I would like to use this blog as a type of forum for us to collaborate on the decision-making process that goes into making something of this nature.

As Consul, I believe that it is my responsibility to ensure the safety of everyone involved. I want to state that safety will be a foremost goal, even ahead of authenticity, if necessary. If we must sacrifice authenticity for the sake of safety, then so be it. These contraptions sound like they can be quite deadly, and appropriate precautions must be taken while using or manufacturing these items. I don't know what kinds of precautions to take yet, but we'll cross that bridge when we get there.

I am attaching what I found to be an interesting article on the manufacturing of ballistic weaponry. Based upon the discussion at last week's Classics Club meeting, it seems that we are planning to go in the direction of a torsion machine. This seems practical due to the authenticity, and the availability of materials. Please feel free to add any comments to the comment section at the end of the article.
~Consul Spartacurtus~

(illustation from Trajan's Column)

Roman Artillery

To supplement their forces, the Romans used various forms of artillery. Originated by the Greeks, these mechanized weapons represent the height of ancient technology. There are actually quite alot of surviving ancient discussion on the subject. There is also a wealth of archaeological finds allowing modern researchers to accurately re-construct these machines. Perhaps the most useful writer has been Vitruvius, an engineer who served under Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus.

The Romans used torsion machines, meaning they were powered by twisted cords. Sinew was the preferred cord material, but horse hair (and reportedly the long hair of women) was also used. When triggered, a considerable amount of energy was released and directed toward launching the projectile. There were two general artillery types: stone-firing and arrow-firing. Unfortunately, the Latin terms used to describe the different siege machines are not fully understood. In the Republic and early Empire catapultaereferred to bolt-shooters (arrow-firing). Scorpiones were the smaller mobile catapultae. Ballistae were strictly stone-shooters. Yet, in the 2nd century AD the term, ballistae, was applied to both arrow throwing and stone throwers. In the 4th century AD it appears that the arrow throwing machines were differentiated from stone throwing catapults by having the term ballistae apply only to them.

The most common artillery piece was a catapult that could fire a bolt 3-hand spans long. The scorpio (circa 50BC) threw a bolt 27 inches long (67cm).

Although the wooden bolt shafts have long since rotted, quite alot of the iron points have survived to this day. Stabilizing flights may have been made of feathers, leather, or wood. The iron points were pyramid shaped. The hand cranks at the rear were used to winch the arrow, or bolt, back to the firing position. The largest artillery filed pieces could lob a 78kg stone ball!

Both types of artillery were manned by men called ballistarii. It is not known exactly how many each legion had. Each cohort may have had only 1, or as many as 6. Auxiliary units typically did not have artillery, although it appears there were exceptions to this rule. If these non-Roman citizens should turn against the legions, the Romans did not want them to have the added firepower of artillery. In the 2nd century AD the metal-frame carroballista was introduced. It had more power and better aim than the older wooden-frame scorpion. See above illustration. It's lighter weight was an improvement over the older wooden-frame catapults by enabling it to be mounted on a type of cart.

By the 4th century AD the legions no longer had a compliment of artillery. Artillery was reserved, instead, for a few specialist artillery legions and for defending fixed positions. Artillery was also used on warships. They were often mounted on wooden towers, giving them a more advantageous angle of fire.

The Onager was named after a wild ass because of the way it kicked back upon firing. although it was powered by torsion, it was an artillery piece apart from catapultae and ballistae. It was first mentioned in writing in the 200s BC. It was most common in the armies in the mid 4th century AD. Since they were so large and slow to move the onagri were most suited for sieges. The length of the sling on the end of the arm could be adjusted to affect the trajectory of the stone.

References:Two excellent Roman artillery books were coincidentally both published in 2003. They are both available inexpensively as used books:

1. Greek and Roman Artillery, By Duncan Campbell.

2. Roman Artillery, By Duncan Campbell.

Update : Ancient Roman helmet sells for 10 times estimated amount

Ancient Roman helmet sells for 10 times estimated amount

By Melissa Gray, CNN

STORY HIGHLIGHTS

• The ancient headwear sold for $3.6 million
• The helmet dates to the late 1st to 2nd century A.D.
• It would have been used for military displays, not battles

RELATED TOPICS

• Archaeology

London, England (CNN) -- A detailed and well-preserved Roman parade helmet -- complete with fine facial features on its face mask, tight curly hair, and a griffin-topped cap -- sold at auction Thursday for 10 times its estimated amount.

The helmet sold at Christie's auction house in London for 2.28 million pounds ($3.6 million). It had been estimated at 200,000 to 300,000 pounds (about $316,000 to $475,000).

The buyer of the helmet was not immediately known.

The Tullie House Museum in Carlisle, near where the helmet was found in May by a person with a metal detector, had launched a public fundraising appeal to try to procure the helmet as the centerpiece for a new Roman gallery.

Christie's called the Crosby Garrett helmet -- so named for the village where it was found, about 45 miles south of the Scottish border -- an "extraordinary example of Roman metalwork at its zenith" and said it dates to the late 1st to 2nd century A.D.

"The Crosby Garrett helmet sets itself apart by virtue of its beauty, workmanship, and completeness, particularly the face mask, which was found virtually intact," Christie's says. "In addition, the remarkable Phrygian-style peak surmounted by its elaborate bronze griffin crest appears unprecedented."

The helmet is made of two sections: the tall pointed helmet and the face mask. The latter has openwork eyes, which would have allowed the wearer to see during the cavalry sports events -- known as hippika gymnasia -- when it would have been used.

The face has incised eyelashes on the upper and lower lids, herringbone eyebrows, and pierced nostrils, all framed by three rows of corkscrew curls.

At the peak of the cap is a small griffin, seated with its wings outstretched, revealing the incised feather detail. Its right paw is raised and rests on the rim of a small amphora.

Colorful streamers may have been attached to the helmet when it was worn, Christie's says.

Arrian of Nicomedia, a Roman provincial governor under Hadrian, wrote the only surviving contemporary source of information on cavalry sports events, according to Christie's. He describes cavalrymen divided into two teams that took turns to attack and defend, and suggests that wearing the helmets was a mark of rank or excellence in horsemanship.

"Participants would also carry a light, elaborately painted shield, and wear an embroidered tunic and possibly thigh-guards and greaves, all of which would contribute to the impressive spectacle," Christie's says. "These events may well have accompanied religious festivals celebrated by the Roman army and were probably also put on for the benefit of visiting officials. The displays would have been intended to demonstrate the outstanding equestrian skill and marksmanship of the Roman soldier and the wealth of the great empire he represented."

The helmet is one of only three that have been discovered in Britain complete with face masks, Christie's says. The first was found in 1796 and is now at the British Museum in London, and the other was found around 1905 and is at the Museum of Antiquities in Edinburgh, Scotland.

The helmet was offered for sale along with other antiquities, including Egyptian pottery and Etruscan and Greek gold jewelry.

Tullie House Museum said a benefactor pledged 50,000 pounds ($79,000) toward its fundraising appeal to bring the helmet back to the region, on condition the public matched the amount.

In all, the museum said it hoped to raise 80,000 pounds ($127,000) in order to obtain financing from other organizations for an auction bid.

"Tullie House's archaeology collections are extensive with a particularly important collection of Roman Cumbria material, especially from Carlisle and the Hadrian's Wall area," it said. "In the development of its collections, Tullie House prioritizes artifacts that are judged to be of high importance to the local heritage and to ensure that items remain or are returned to Cumbria."

Carlisle was an important military center in Roman times, when it was known as Luguvalium. The first Roman fort in Carlisle was built in 72 and 73 A.D. during the initial conquest of northern Britain, at a strategic point overlooking the confluence of two rivers, and just west of the main north-south road, which was used regularly by troops, according to the museum.